Sea anemone envenomation: Difference between revisions
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==Background <ref>Hauglid, Christopher, DO, et al. “EMERGEN-SEA MEDICINE: An Overview of Sea Urchins, Coral, Starfish, and More.” ACEP Now, vol. 40, no. 7, 2021, pp. 8–9.</ref>== | |||
[[File:Actiniaria.jpg|thumb|A selection of various sea anemones.]] | |||
*Located worldwide in deep and coastal waters | |||
* A type of [[Nematocyst]] | |||
*Often attached to coral or rock | |||
*Appearance consists of a single polyp with a cylindrical body | |||
*Their mouths are surrounded by cnidocyte-containing tentacles | |||
**Cnidocytes are cells containing one giant secretory organelle called a cnidocyst that can deliver a sting to other organisms | |||
===Venom Mechanism <ref>Hauglid, Christopher, DO, et al. “EMERGEN-SEA MEDICINE: An Overview of Sea Urchins, Coral, Starfish, and More.” ACEP Now, vol. 40, no. 7, 2021, pp. 8–9.</ref>=== | |||
*Anemone venom contains multiple enzymes including: | |||
**Cytolytic/hemolytic toxins | |||
**Neurotoxins | |||
**Cardiotoxins | |||
**Protease inhibitors | |||
{{Nematocyst mechanism}} | |||
==Clinical Features <ref>Hauglid, Christopher, DO, et al. “EMERGEN-SEA MEDICINE: An Overview of Sea Urchins, Coral, Starfish, and More.” ACEP Now, vol. 40, no. 7, 2021, pp. 8–9.</ref>== | |||
*Erythema | |||
*Pruritis | |||
*Blisters | |||
*Skin changes can become permanent in the form of hyper/hypopigmentation and keloid formation | |||
*Fever | |||
*Chills | |||
*Myalgias | |||
*Syncope | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | |||
{{Marine envenomation DDX}} | |||
==Management <ref>Hauglid, Christopher, DO, et al. “EMERGEN-SEA MEDICINE: An Overview of Sea Urchins, Coral, Starfish, and More.” ACEP Now, vol. 40, no. 7, 2021, pp. 8–9.</ref>== | |||
*Pain is managed with vinegar | |||
*Supportive care | |||
==Disposition== | |||
*If the patient is hemodynamically stable and pain controlled, patient can be discharged home. | |||
==See Also== | |||
*[[Nematocysts]] | |||
*[[Marine toxins and envenomations]] | |||
==References== | |||
[[Category:Environmental]] | |||
[[Category:Dermatology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 06:52, 27 November 2021
Background [1]
- Located worldwide in deep and coastal waters
- A type of Nematocyst
- Often attached to coral or rock
- Appearance consists of a single polyp with a cylindrical body
- Their mouths are surrounded by cnidocyte-containing tentacles
- Cnidocytes are cells containing one giant secretory organelle called a cnidocyst that can deliver a sting to other organisms
Venom Mechanism [2]
- Anemone venom contains multiple enzymes including:
- Cytolytic/hemolytic toxins
- Neurotoxins
- Cardiotoxins
- Protease inhibitors
Nematocyst Mechanism
- Physical contact or osmotic gradient causes discharge of nematocysts
- A spring loaded venom delivery system
- Once opened, a nematocyst releases all of its contained venom
Clinical Features [3]
- Erythema
- Pruritis
- Blisters
- Skin changes can become permanent in the form of hyper/hypopigmentation and keloid formation
- Fever
- Chills
- Myalgias
- Syncope
Differential Diagnosis
Marine toxins, envenomations, and bites
- Toxins
- Ciguatera
- Scombroid
- Tetrodotoxin (e.g. pufferfish)
- Shellfish poisoning
- Amnesic shellfish poisoning
- Diarrheal shellfish poisoning
- Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
- Paralytic shellfish poisoning
- Stingers
- Venomous fish
- Cone shell
- Lionfish
- Sea urchins
- Crown-of-Thorns Starfish
- Stonefish
- Other: Catfish, zebrafish, scorpion fish
- Nematocysts
- Coral reef
- Fire coral
- Jellyfish (Cnidaria)
- Portuguese man-of-war
- Sea anemones
- Seabather's eruption
- Phylum porifera (sponges)
- Bites
- Infections
Management [4]
- Pain is managed with vinegar
- Supportive care
Disposition
- If the patient is hemodynamically stable and pain controlled, patient can be discharged home.
See Also
References
- ↑ Hauglid, Christopher, DO, et al. “EMERGEN-SEA MEDICINE: An Overview of Sea Urchins, Coral, Starfish, and More.” ACEP Now, vol. 40, no. 7, 2021, pp. 8–9.
- ↑ Hauglid, Christopher, DO, et al. “EMERGEN-SEA MEDICINE: An Overview of Sea Urchins, Coral, Starfish, and More.” ACEP Now, vol. 40, no. 7, 2021, pp. 8–9.
- ↑ Hauglid, Christopher, DO, et al. “EMERGEN-SEA MEDICINE: An Overview of Sea Urchins, Coral, Starfish, and More.” ACEP Now, vol. 40, no. 7, 2021, pp. 8–9.
- ↑ Hauglid, Christopher, DO, et al. “EMERGEN-SEA MEDICINE: An Overview of Sea Urchins, Coral, Starfish, and More.” ACEP Now, vol. 40, no. 7, 2021, pp. 8–9.