Tumor lysis syndrome: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==
*Rapid turnover of tumor cells (spontaneously, after Rx) leading to release of:
*Typically occurs within 1 to 5 days of initiation of chemotherapy
*Associated with treatment of acute [[leukemia]], Burkitt [[lymphoma]], NHL
**Rarely observed in solid tumors or without prior therapy
*Rapid turnover of tumor cells (spontaneously or after treatment) leading to release of:
**Potassium
**Potassium
**Phosphate
**Phosphate
**Uric acid
***Binds Ca causing [[hypocalcemia]]
*Assoc w/ ALL, Burkitt lymphoma, NHL
**Uric acid (converted from nucleic acids)


==Cairo-Bishop Definitions==
===Risk Factors===
*Laboratory Tumor Lysis Syndrome
*High cell proliferation rate
**Abnormality in 2 or more of the following, occurring w/in 3d before or 7d after chemo
*Large tumor burden (LDH) > 1500 IU/L, WBC ≥ 50 x 103 cells/L
#Uric acid ≥ 8 mg/dL or 25% increase from baseline
*Extensive BM involvement
#Potassium ≥ 6mEq/L or 25% increase from baseline
*Tumor infiltration of the kidney
#Phosphate ≥ 4.5 mg/dL or 25% increase from baseline (≥ 6.5 for children)
#Calcium ≤ 7 mg/dL or 25% decrease from baseline
*Clinical Tumor Lysis Syndrome
**Laboratory tumor lysis syndrome plus 1 or more of the following:
#Cr > 1.5 times upper limit of age-adjusted reference range
#Cardiac dysrhythmia or sudden death
#Seizure


==Etiology==
===Cairo-Bishop Definition<ref>Cairo MS and Bishop M. Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br. J. Haematol. 2004; 127(1):3–11.</ref>===
# Usually occurs within 1-5 days of starting chemotherapy or radiation for rapidly growing tumors (esp leukemia/lymphoma)
'''Laboratory Tumor Lysis Syndrome'''
# Can present spontaneously in certain lymphoproliferative malignancies before they are diagnosed
*Abnormality in 2 or more of the following, occurring within 3d before or 7d after chemo:
# Categorized according to tumor classification (heme v. solid tumor) and relationship to antitumor rx (spontaneous v. treatment-associated)
**Uric acid ≥ 8mg/dL or 25% increase from baseline
**Potassium ≥ 6mEq/L or 25% increase from baseline
**Phosphate ≥ 4.5mg/dL or 25% increase from baseline (≥ 6.5 for children)
**Calcium ≤ 7mg/dL or 25% decrease from baseline
'''Clinical Tumor Lysis Syndrome'''
*Laboratory tumor lysis syndrome plus 1 or more of the following:
**Creatinine > 1.5 times upper limit of age-adjusted reference range
**Cardiac dysrhythmia or sudden death
**Seizure


==Epidemiology==
==Clinical Features==
#Most common among non-Hodgkin lymphoma (esp. Burkitt lymphoma), acute and chronic leukemia
*Hyperuricemia
#Solid tumors (rare): metastatic breast CA, small cell and NSC lung CA, seminoma, invasive thymoma, metastatic medulloblastoma, Merkel cell CA, ovarian CA, rhabdomyosarcoma, metastatic melanoma, vulvar CA
**[[Nausea/vomiting]], [[lethargy]], [[renal failure]]
*[[Hyperkalemia]]
**Most immediate life-threatening element (due to [[dysrhythmias]])
*[[Hyperphosphatemia]]
**May combine with Ca to precipiate in renal tubules
*[[Hypocalcemia]]
**Anorexia, cramping, tetany, [[confusion]], [[seizures]], [[V-tach]]/[[torsades]]
*[[Acute Renal Failure]]
**Most common cause of morbidity
**Usually results from uric acid precipitation within renal tubules


==Pathophysiology==
==Differential Diagnosis==
#Lysed tumor cells release nucleic acid metabolites, phosphorus and potassium into circulation
{{Oncologic emergencies DDX}}
#Nucleic acids degrade into purine metabolites which are then processed by xanthine oxidase into uric acid (excreted in urine)
#Phosphorus binds calcium leading to hypocalcemia


==Risk Factors==
==Evaluation==
#High cell proliferation rate
===Work Up===
#Large tumor burden (LDH) > 1500 IU/L, WBC ≥ 50 x 103 cells/L
*CBC
#Extensive BM involvement
*Chemistry
#Tumor infiltration of the kidney
**Elevated Cr
*Calcium, phosphate
*Uric Acid
*LDH - >2-3 fold increase stratifies into higher TLS risk<ref>Held-Warmkessel J. Preventing & Managing Tumor Lysis Syndrome. Oncology Times: 25 April 2010 - Volume 32 - Issue 8 - pp 1-7</ref>
*[[Urinalysis]]
*[[ECG]]
**[[Hyperkalemia]], [[hypocalcemia]]
;Avoid IV contrast


==Signs/Symptoms==
==Management==
#Hyperuricemia (nausea, vomiting, lethargy, renal failure)
Aggressive hydration - Goal urine output is 3L in 24hr
#Hyperkalemia (arrythmias)
#Hyperphosphatemia (renal failure)
#Hypocalcemia (anorexia, cramping, tetany, confusion, seizures, V tach/torsades)
#Acute renal failure


==Work Up==
===[[Hypocalcemia]] Treatment===
#CBC
*≤7 or 25% decrease in baseline
#Chemistry
**Treat only if symptomatic (increased Ca leads to increased Ca/phos deposition), such as widened QRS or ventricular arrhythmias
#Calcium, phosphate
**[[Calcium gluconate]] 50-200mg IV
#Uric Acid
#LDH
#UA
#ECG (hyperK, hypoCa)
==Imaging==
Avoid IV contrast


==Management==
{{Hyperphosphatemia treatment}}
#Agressive hydration (goal UO 3L/24hr)
*Consider sevelamer 800-1600mg PO tid to avoid side effects of aluminum toxicity and hypercalcemia from aluminum hydroxide treatment
#Urine Alkalinization
 
##NaHCO3 to urine pH >= 7.0
===Hyperuricemia Treatment===
##uric acid solubility increases in alkaline environment
*≥8 or 25% increase
##?Efficacy
**[[Allopurinol]]
===Hypocalcemia===
***Acts slowly; only helpful for preventing future production of uric acid
*≤ 7mg/dL or 25% dec in baseline
***10mg/kg/d PO q8 '''OR''' 200-400mg/m2 IV q12; renally dosed
**Treat only if symptomatic (Ca + phos leads to incr deposition)
***Calcium gluconate 50-200mg IV
===Hyperphosphatemia===
*≥4.5 mg/dL or 25% increase; ≥ 6.5mg/dL in children
**Aluminum hydroxide (50-150mg/kg PO q4-6h)
**Dialysis if refractory
===Hyperuricemia===
*≥8mg/dL or 25% increase
**Allopurinol 10mg/kg/d PO q8 OR 200-400 mg/m2 IV q12; renally dosed
***Inhibition of xanthine oxidase can last 18-30h
***Inhibition of xanthine oxidase can last 18-30h
***Acts slowly and only against FUTURE production of uric acid
**Urate Oxidase
**Urate Oxidase Rx (eg Rasburicase 0.05-0.2mg/kg IV)
***[[Rasburicase]] 0.05-0.2mg/kg IV
***Can be used for BOTH prevention and treatment
***Can be used for BOTH prevention and treatment
***Uric acid final product of purine metabolism
***Uric acid final product of purine metabolism
****Urate oxidase converts uric acid to allantoin (5-10x more soluble)
****Urate oxidase converts uric acid to allantoin (5-10x more soluble)
===Hyperkalemia===
*See [[Hyperkalemia]]


Diuretics (only if euvolemic)
===[[Hyperkalemia]] Treatment===
*Only give Ca for cardiovascular instability (e.g.ventricular arrhythmias, widened QRS)
**Giving Ca leads to increased Ca/phos deposition which leads to renal failure
*See [[Hyperkalemia]] for treatment options


===Dialysis (criteria)===
===[[Dialysis]] Criteria===
#K > 6mEq/L
*Potassium >6
#Significant renal insufficiency
*Significant renal insufficiency (Creatinine >10)
#Uric Acid > 10 mg/dl
*Uric Acid >10
#Symptomatic hypocalcemia
*Symptomatic [[hypocalcemia]]
#Serum phosphorus > 10mg/dl
*Serum phosphorus >10
*Volume overload


==Disposition==
==Disposition==
*Admission
*Admit (often to ICU)


==Source==
==References==
Tintinalli
<references/>
EM Practice March '10


[[Category:Heme/Onc]]
[[Category:Heme/Onc]]
==Medication Dosing==
===Hyperuricemia===
*{{MedicationDose|drug=Rasburicase|dose=0.05-0.2 mg/kg|route=IV|context=Urate oxidase (prevention and treatment)|indication=Tumor lysis syndrome|population=Adult|notes=Converts uric acid to allantoin; contraindicated in G6PD deficiency}}
*{{MedicationDose|drug=Allopurinol|dose=200-400 mg/m2 q12hr (or 10 mg/kg/day PO divided q8hr)|route=IV/PO|context=Xanthine oxidase inhibitor (prevention only)|indication=Tumor lysis syndrome|population=Adult|notes=Renally dosed; only prevents future uric acid production}}
===Symptomatic Hypocalcemia===
*{{MedicationDose|drug=Calcium gluconate|dose=50-200 mg|route=IV|context=Symptomatic hypocalcemia|indication=Tumor lysis syndrome|population=Adult|notes=Treat only if symptomatic; avoid overcorrection (increases Ca-phos deposition)}}

Latest revision as of 17:57, 20 March 2026

Background

  • Typically occurs within 1 to 5 days of initiation of chemotherapy
  • Associated with treatment of acute leukemia, Burkitt lymphoma, NHL
    • Rarely observed in solid tumors or without prior therapy
  • Rapid turnover of tumor cells (spontaneously or after treatment) leading to release of:
    • Potassium
    • Phosphate
    • Uric acid (converted from nucleic acids)

Risk Factors

  • High cell proliferation rate
  • Large tumor burden (LDH) > 1500 IU/L, WBC ≥ 50 x 103 cells/L
  • Extensive BM involvement
  • Tumor infiltration of the kidney

Cairo-Bishop Definition[1]

Laboratory Tumor Lysis Syndrome

  • Abnormality in 2 or more of the following, occurring within 3d before or 7d after chemo:
    • Uric acid ≥ 8mg/dL or 25% increase from baseline
    • Potassium ≥ 6mEq/L or 25% increase from baseline
    • Phosphate ≥ 4.5mg/dL or 25% increase from baseline (≥ 6.5 for children)
    • Calcium ≤ 7mg/dL or 25% decrease from baseline

Clinical Tumor Lysis Syndrome

  • Laboratory tumor lysis syndrome plus 1 or more of the following:
    • Creatinine > 1.5 times upper limit of age-adjusted reference range
    • Cardiac dysrhythmia or sudden death
    • Seizure

Clinical Features

Differential Diagnosis

Oncologic Emergencies

Related to Local Tumor Effects

Related to Biochemical Derangement

Related to Hematologic Derangement

Related to Therapy

Evaluation

Work Up

Avoid IV contrast

Management

Aggressive hydration - Goal urine output is 3L in 24hr

Hypocalcemia Treatment

  • ≤7 or 25% decrease in baseline
    • Treat only if symptomatic (increased Ca leads to increased Ca/phos deposition), such as widened QRS or ventricular arrhythmias
    • Calcium gluconate 50-200mg IV

Hyperphosphatemia treatment

  • Treat the underlying cause
  • Restrict calcium phosphate intake
  • IV Normal Saline (if normal renal fx)
  • Acetazolamide (500mg IV q6hr) - if normal renal function
  • Phosphate Binder - Aluminum hydroxide (50-150mg/kg PO q4-6h) - limited effect
  • Dialysis if refractory
  • Consider sevelamer 800-1600mg PO tid to avoid side effects of aluminum toxicity and hypercalcemia from aluminum hydroxide treatment

Hyperuricemia Treatment

  • ≥8 or 25% increase
    • Allopurinol
      • Acts slowly; only helpful for preventing future production of uric acid
      • 10mg/kg/d PO q8 OR 200-400mg/m2 IV q12; renally dosed
      • Inhibition of xanthine oxidase can last 18-30h
    • Urate Oxidase
      • Rasburicase 0.05-0.2mg/kg IV
      • Can be used for BOTH prevention and treatment
      • Uric acid final product of purine metabolism
        • Urate oxidase converts uric acid to allantoin (5-10x more soluble)

Hyperkalemia Treatment

  • Only give Ca for cardiovascular instability (e.g.ventricular arrhythmias, widened QRS)
    • Giving Ca leads to increased Ca/phos deposition which leads to renal failure
  • See Hyperkalemia for treatment options

Dialysis Criteria

  • Potassium >6
  • Significant renal insufficiency (Creatinine >10)
  • Uric Acid >10
  • Symptomatic hypocalcemia
  • Serum phosphorus >10
  • Volume overload

Disposition

  • Admit (often to ICU)

References

  1. ↑ Cairo MS and Bishop M. Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br. J. Haematol. 2004; 127(1):3–11.
  2. ↑ Held-Warmkessel J. Preventing & Managing Tumor Lysis Syndrome. Oncology Times: 25 April 2010 - Volume 32 - Issue 8 - pp 1-7

Medication Dosing

Hyperuricemia

  • Rasburicase 0.05-0.2 mg/kg IV — Converts uric acid to allantoin; contraindicated in G6PD deficiency
  • Allopurinol 200-400 mg/m2 q12hr (or 10 mg/kg/day PO divided q8hr) IV/PO — Renally dosed; only prevents future uric acid production

Symptomatic Hypocalcemia

  • Calcium gluconate 50-200 mg IV — Treat only if symptomatic; avoid overcorrection (increases Ca-phos deposition)
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