View source for Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act

==Background==
*Abbreviation: EMTALA
*Created out of concern that patients were denied treatment because of an inability to pay
*Ensures equal access and delivery of emergency care, patient treated regardless of ability to pay
*Pregnant woman in active labor treated through delivery unless an indication for transfer exists

==Basic Requirements==
===Clinical===
#The hospital must provide an appropriate medical screening exam (MSE) to anyone coming to the ED seeking medical care
#If that exam reveals an emergency medical condition (EMC), the hospital must treat and stabilize the emergency medical condition, or the hospital must transfer the individual
#Restricting transfer until stable
#Duty to accept appropriate transfer

===Custodial===
#Post signs
#Maintain medical records, on-call list
#Maintain adequate staffing
#Reporting
#Policies and procedures
#Specialized capabilities

==Sections==
===Medical Screening Exam Requirement===
*''If any individual comes to the emergency department and a request is made on the individual’s behalf for examination or treatment for a medical condition, the hospital must provide for an appropriate medical screening examination within the capability of the hospital’s emergency department, including ancillary services routinely available to the emergency department, to determine whether or not an emergency medical condition''
*The law lacks specifics in what is included in the MSE
*Determine with reasonable clinical confidence whether a medical emergency exists
**Individual and condition specific
**Non-discrimination, 'comparative test' - patients presenting with similar signs & symptoms
**Continuous monitoring and contemporaneous documentation
**'Actual detection' standard - required only to stabilize detected EMC
**MSE cannot be so cursory that it is not designed to identify acute/severe symptoms alerting a possible EMC
*Typically this is understood to mean an exam performed and documented by a provider or RN certified to conduct MSE
*ED staff initiate MSE, completed with discharge, admission, transfer, or move to another area in hospital

===Emergency Medical Condition===
*''The term “emergency medical condition” means a medical condition manifesting itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity (including severe pain, psych, substance abuse) such that the absence of immediate medical attention could reasonably be expected to result in:''
**Placing the health of the individual (or, with respect to a pregnant woman, the health of the woman or her unborn child) in serious jeopardy, '''OR'''''
**''Serious impairment to bodily functions, '''OR'''''
**''Serious dysfunction of any bodily organ or part''

===Where EMTALA Applies===
*"Dedicated ED" - at least one of:
**Licensed by state as ED
**Held out to the public as place providing care for EMC on an urgent basis w/o requiring previously scheduled appointment
**At least 1/3 of visits are for treatment of EMC on an urgent basis w/o schedule appointment
*Includes Labor & Delivery, Psych ED, Obs
*Ambulance patients en route unless on diversion
*250 yard rule (see below)
*Excludes: off campus facilities that are not dedicated EDs, independent urgent cares, physician offices/clinics, non-acute care facilities (skilled nursing facilities, rehab centers), and in general inpatients 

===Stabilization===
*''The term “to stabilize” means... to provide such medical treatment of the condition as may be necessary to assure, within reasonable medical probability, that no material deterioration of the condition is likely to result from or occur during the transfer [or discharge] of the individual from a facility.''
*Stabilization is generally accepted to be according to the hospital's capabilities to provide care for emergency medical conditions
*If not stabilized, provide appropriate transfer to another facility capable to provide stabilizing care, higher level of care 

===Transfers===
*''If an individual at a hospital has an emergency medical condition which has not been stabilized, the hospital may not transfer the individual unless —''
**''The individual (or a legally responsible person acting on the individual’s behalf) after being informed of the hospital’s obligations under this section and of the risk of transfer, in writing requests transfer to another medical facility''
**''A physician has signed a certification that based upon the information available at the time of transfer, the medical benefits reasonably expected from the provision of appropriate medical treatment at another medical facility outweigh the increased risks to the individual''
*Transferring Hospital:
**First, call central transfer center, and patient flow staff of potential accepting hospital to assess capacity
**Then, speak to on-call/ED physician

*''An appropriate transfer to a medical facility is a transfer —''
**''In which the transferring hospital provides the medical treatment within its capacity which minimizes the risks to the individual’s health''
**''In which the receiving facility —''
***''Has capacity - available space, equipment, and qualified personnel for the treatment of the individual, and''
***''Has agreed to accept transfer of the individual and to provide appropriate medical treatment''
***''In which the transferring hospital sends to the receiving facility all medical records (or copies thereof)''
***''In which the transfer is effected through qualified personnel and transportation equipment''

===On-Call Physician===
*EMTALA does not require a hospital to employ certain types of on-call providers
*The ED provider makes the determination of whether the on-call physician is needed to stabilize an emergency medical condition
*Consultation – “rendering opinion/advice, prescribing treatment, or rendering of decision regarding hospitalization vs transfer that is communicated by telephone or another means of communication. May include review of patient’s medical record, examination, and treatment in person”
*Respond in “reasonable” time to help stabilize patient
**Decided by ED provider
**Must do what ED provider asks
**Can never refuse, even if they think different specialty needed
**Help manage patient until transfer
*Document: time, name, discussion (1-2 sentences), re-contacted, etc.
*Disagreements/failures:
**''If, after an initial examination, a physician determines that the individual requires the services of a physician listed by the hospital on its list of on-call physicians and notifies the on-call physician and the on-call physician fails or refuses to appear within a reasonable period of time, and the physician orders the transfer of the individual because the physician determines that without the services of the on-call physician the benefits of transfer outweigh the risks of transfer, the physician authorizing the transfer shall not be subject to a penalty. However, the previous sentence shall not apply to the hospital or to the on-call physician who failed or refused to appear.''
**Disagreements rulings usually defer to treating provider's judgement
*What to do in a disagreement:
**Escalate issues by contacting chief of service or hospital administrator
**Contact other staff physicians in same specialty for help
**Contact other area hospitals provider specialty service to arrange transfer (emergency provider exempt from liability)
**Report delays in care the hospital quality improvement and risk management programs. 

===250-Yard Rule===
*''Campus means the physical area immediately adjacent to the provider's main buildings, other areas and structures that are not strictly contiguous to the main buildings but are located within 250 yards of the main buildings, and any other areas determined on an individual case basis, by the CMS regional office, to be part of the provider's campus.''
*A patient is considered under the rules of EMTALA when on a hospital's campus
*Staff are expected to recognize if someone was in obvious need of a MSE when within 250 yards

===Penalties===
*Required to report violations w/in 72 hours 
*Up to $50,000 per violation against hospital and physicians
*Hospital ‘dumped on’ recover cost of patient care
*Possible federal court case, civil rights/discrimination,criminal prosecution
*Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) can terminate Medicare provider agreement 
*Corrective actions, public notice, follow up survey
*Facility at risk to lose government funding

==See Also==
*[[Trauma center levels]]

==External Links==
[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1395dd 42 U.S. Code § 1395dd - Examination and treatment for emergency medical conditions and women in labor]

==References==
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[[Category:Admin]][[Category:EMS]]